Civil Engineering Loksewa 7th Level Second Paper Syllabus | Civil Engineering Loksewa Syllabus

Preparing for the 7th Level Civil Engineering Loksewa exam requires a clear understanding of the syllabus and proper planning. The Second Paper (Technical Subject) covers essential fields of civil engineering, including structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, water resources, transportation, and public health. This syllabus acts as a roadmap for candidates, guiding them on what to study and how to prioritize topics. With subjects ranging from reinforced concrete design to irrigation systems and environmental engineering, it ensures engineers are equipped with both theoretical knowledge and practical applications.

Section (A) - 30 Marks

1. Structural Engineering

1.1 Reinforced concrete structures: difference between working stress and limit state philosophy, design of beam and slab, analysis of RC beams and slabs in bending,shear, deflection, bond and end anchorage, design of axially loaded columns;isolated and combined footings, introduction to pr e-stressed concrete

1.2 Steel and timber structures: standard and built -up sections: design of riveted,bolted and welded connections, design of simple elements such as ties, struts,axially loaded and eccentric columns, column bases, design principles of timberbeams and columns

1.3 Requirements of earthquake resistant building construction

1.4 Mandatory rule of thumb in building design

1.5 Structural design of bridge: various types of bridges, selection and type of bridge sand economic span length, types of loads, forc es and stresses, live load, impactload, wind load, longitudinal forces, lateral loads, centrifugal force, width ofroadway and footway, general design requirements, solid slab bridges, deckgirder bridges, B.M. in slab supported on four edges, distributio n of live loads on longitudinal beams, method of distribution coefficients, Courbon’s method,design of a T - beam bridge, balanced cantilever bridge, design of box culvert

2. Geotechnical Engineering

2.1 Soil Mechanics

2.1.1 Identification and classification of soils Field identification of soils and soil classification: descriptive, textural, ISI,MIT and USCS

2.1.2 Permeability of soils

Factors affecting permeability of soil, determination of coefficient of permeability: laboratory and field methods

2.1.3 Effective stress

Factors affecting effective stress, capillary rise, quick sand condition

2.1.4 Seep age analysis

Flow net, application of flow net, se epage below concrete dam, sheet pile and safety check, seepage analysis through earthen dam and filter layer design, techniques to reduce discharge and to increase safety of dam

2.1.5 Compaction of soil

Concept of compaction, lab test, factors affecting compaction, specification of compaction, field control of compaction, methods of compaction in field and their suitabi lity,s pecial parameters to be considered for compactio n in road, e arthen dam

2.1.6 Shear strength of soils

Concept of shear strength, p rincipal planes and principal stresses, Mohr -Coulomb theory of shear strength, c alculation of normal stress and shear Stress a t different plane, relation of principle stress at fa ilure condition,types of shear tests: direct shear test, unconfined compression test, triaxialtest, vane shear test

2.1.7 Consolidation and settlements

Concept of consolidation, types of consolidation, test of consolidation, NC,OC, OCR, p reconsolidation pressure, calculation of settlement, settlement ofstructures resting on soil: its nature, causes and remedial measures

2.1.8 Stability of slopes

Causes of slope failures, t ypes of slope and slope failures, c ritical surfaces and factor of safety, m ethod of stability analysis and stability number, bioengineering: advantages, principle s, concept, components and use s in stabilization of slope

2.2 Foundation Engineering

2.2.1 Introduction

Types of foundation, factors affecting on selection of foundation,requirement and criteria of ideal foundation, types of load for design of foundation, criteria for selection of depth of foundation

2.2.2 Earth pressure and retaining structures

Rankine’s earth pressure theory, Coloumb'searthpressure theory, trial wedge th eory, types of earth pressure, t ypes of retaining wall, stability analysis of earth retaining structures, techniques to increase stability of retaining wall

2.2.3 Bearing capacity and settlements

Types of bearing capacity and factors influencing bearing capacity, effects of various factors on bearing capacity, modes of foundation failure,Terzaghi’s ge neral bearing capacity theory, u ltimate bearing capacity of cohesionless and cohesive soils, s ettlement: types,nature and effects

2.2.4 Types of foundation and their suitability in conte xt of Nepal

Condition to use spread or strap or combined footing; m at: types, bearing capacity, construction approach ,floating mat, compensating mat ; pile: types ,load carrying capacity, n egative skin friction (NSF) and calculation ;comparision be tween pile, pier, and caisson; caisson: types, bearingcapacity, construction of well, tilt and s hift of well and its retrofication and prevention

2.2.5 Design of foundation

Design of spread foundation, combined footing, strap footing, mat foundation, pile foundation, well foundation

2.2.6 Foundation stabilization, underpinning and geotechnical process 

Soil stabiliazation, stone column, sand pile, dynamic deep compaction,grouting and its methods, methods of underpinning, methods of dewatering

2.3 Site Investigation and Soil Exploration

2.3.1 Purpose of site investigation, planning of investigation, stages of investigation, methods of boring, types of soil samples

3 2.3.2 In-situ test: standard penetration test, dynamic cone penetration test,correction of N value, calculation of bearing capacity using N value forisolated footing, mat, pile and well, plate load test, pile load test

2.3.3 Preparation of site investigation report

Section ( B) - 25 Marks

3. Water Resource Engineering

3.1 Hydrology and Sediment

3.1.1 Rainfall measurements and related analysis

3.1.2 Flow measurements, rating curve and generation of flow data

3.1.3 Estimation of long term daily and monthly flows, low flows

3.1.4 Hydrograph analysis, synthetic unit hydrographs

3.1.5 Flood frequency analysis, estimation of design flood

3.1.6 Collection of sediment data, sediment rating curve, estimation of sediment

yield and concentration, reservoir sedimentation

3.1.7 Ground water hydrology

3.2 Hydraulics

3.2.1 Fluid pressure, fluid kinematics, dynamics of flows

3.2.2 Boundary layers, uniform flow, steady flow, laminar and turbulent flow

3.2.3 Bernoulli’s equation and its applications

3.2.4 Laminar and turbulent flow in pipes

3.2.5 Concept of specific energy and gradual ly varied flows in open channel

3.2.6 Hydraulic jump and its types, flow profiles

3.3 Irrigation

3.3.1 Function, advantages and disadvantages of irrigation; status and need of irrigation in Nepal

3.3.2 Crops and soils, crop water and irrigation water requirements, water availability for irrigation

3.3.3 Irrigation methods (surface, sub -surface, sprinkler and drip) , their suitability, advantages and disadvantages

3.3.4 Canal types, network and alignment, canal losses, commadarea, duty and delta

3.3.5 Silt theories, design of earthen and lined canals, canal standards , specific considerations for hill irrigation

3.3.6 Design of irrigation structures on permeable foundation (seepage theories, piping & uplift)

3.3.7 Design of weir and barrage (crest, length and thickness of impervious floor)

3.3.8 Design of silt control structures (excluder, ejector and settling basin)

3.3.9 Design of energy dissipaters (hydraulic jump and stilling basins)

3.3.10 Design of river training works (guide bund, levee s and spurs) , watershed management

3.3.11 Design of regulators, drops, cross -drainage and outlet

 4 3.3.12 Waterlogging (causes, effects and measures), design of surface and subsurface drainage

3.3.13 Planning and Management of Irrigation System

3.4 Hydropower

3.4.1 Hydropower development in Nepal, policy, act s and regulations

3.4.2 Types of hydropower projects (run -off river, peaking ror storage, and pump storage)

3.4.3 Flow duration curve, determination of reservoir capacity, reservoir sedimenataion, useful life of reservoir

3.4.4 Power demand analysis and forecast

3.4.5 Potential a nd firm power, maximum power output, firm energy, surplus energy, seasonal energy, and average annual energy

3.4.6 Concept of load, load curve, capacity factor, load factor, and utilization factor

3.4.7 Power demand variation (daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal, and ann ual)

3.4.8 Layout of reservoir, diversion structures, de -sanding basin, water conveyance system, fore -bay, surge tank, penstock, power house, draft tube, tailrace, switch yard, and auxiliary structures

3.4.9 Dam classification and their usage based on functionality, a cting forces, and construction material; selection of dam based on construction material, topography, economy and purpose

3.4.10 Concrete gravity dams: forces on gravity dams, thei r line of actions,stability against sliding, overturning, and floating

3.4.11 Embankment dams: earth and rock -fill dams; basic design principles, concept of seepage through embankments, considerations in foundation and slope stability

3.4.12 Concept of coffer -dam and their usage

3.4.13 Design of spillways, types of spillway gates, location, and their funct ions

3.4.14 Energy dissipation methods, types of energy dissipaters, design of stilling basin and aprons

3.4.15 Design of intake, trash rack, gravel trap and approach canal

3.4.16 Types, location, a nd usage of de -sanding basin, suspended sediment characteristics, sediment velocities to be consid ered in de -sanding basin design, design of de -sanding basin, flushing of sediments from de -sanding basin

3.4.17 Hydraulic tunnels: pr essure and non -pressure tunnels, tunnel cross -section and size, head loss in tunnels, concept of tunnel st ability and protection measures, tunnel linings

3.4.18 Water hammer, hydrodynamic pressure calculations, design of fore -bay basin

3.4.19 Importance, locat ion and application of penstock, anchor blocks and saddle support

 5 3.4.20 Underground and surface power houses, power house dimensions and design, tailrace

3.4.21 Types and selection of turbines, concept of specific spee d, gates and valves, draft tube, need and working principle of governors

Section ( C) - 25 Marks

4. Transportation Engineering

4.1 Highway engineer ing

4.1.1 Highway Planning and Survey

Approach to road planning: establishing economic and environmental viability, evaluating alternatives, historical development of road construction in Nepal, classification of roads, national road network of Nepal , road survey and quantity calculation, process of identifying best route location, map study and reconnaissance survey, preliminary and detail survey, recommendation for best alignment , highway alignment and controlling factors, Asian Highway in Nepal and NRS –2045, NRS 2070

4.1.2 Geometric Design of Highway

Basic design control and criteria: design speed, vehicle charecteristics ,traffic volume & its composition, topography, elements of highway crosssection , highway curves: tangents, type of curves, transi tion curves,reverse curves and their functions, circular curves, super elevation,stopping sight distance, vertical curves, gradients, average gradients and ruling gradient, Crest curve and sag curves, design considerations of horizontal and vertical alignmen t, extra widening, set back distance

4.1.3 Evaluation of subgrade soil

Function of subgrade soil, CBR ant its test, group index, plate load test, determination of modulus of subgrade reaction (k), dynamic penetration test and its application

4.1.4 Hill Roads

Hill road design: speed, sight distance, geological conditions and alignment selection criteria, gradient selection, Hair Pin Bends, horizontal curves, passing lane in hill roads, retaining and slope protection structures in hill roads, use of bio -engineering, drainage structures, stability of formation width and cut and fill slopes

4.1.5 Highway Drainage

Importance of highway drainage: surface drainage and estimation of water quantity, design of drainage structures, erosion control and dissipating structures, subsurface drain age, cross drainage structures and types

4.1.6 Highway Materials

Binding materials, types of aggregate and tests on their gradation, strength, durability, mathematical and graphical method of aggregate gradation, binding materials, bitu men, road tar, penetration test, consistency tests, flash point test ,composition tests, bituminous mixes andasphalt concrete, open and dense graded mixes, design of asphalt mixes,

4.1.7 Traffic Engineering

Traffic engineering and scope, interrelationships between human/machinery/ environmental elements, impact of human and vehicular characteristics on traffic planning, traffic operations and regulations driver and vehicle control, traffic control devices, traffic flow counts and speed studies, traffic flow characteristics traffic count and presentation , O and D studies, parking studies and accident study and analysis, basic requirements of intersections, types of intersections and configuration, channelized and unchannelized interse ctions, design of interse ctions, traffic signs, signals, road marking, road delination, road lighting, factors influencing night visibility, design of the lighting system, traffic projection and forecasting

4.1.8 Road Pavement

Types of road pavements, flexible and rigid pavement, l oads and other factors controlling pavement, design methods for flexible pavements, design methods for rigid pavements, stress due to load, temperature and sub-grade friction, function s of pavement structure, axle load, damaging factor of axle loads, diffe rent types of pavement surface

4.1.9 Road Construction Technology

Activities and techniques used in road construction, tools, equipment and plants used in road construction, preparation of road subgrade, excavation, filling, compaction, moisture density rela tionship, field compaction control, soil stabilization, Construction of asphalt concrete layers including prime coat, tack coat, and seal coat, construction procedure of penetration macadam, construction procedure of bituminous bound macadam, construction procedure of plain cement concrete pavements

4.1.10 Highway Maintenance, Repair and Rehabilitation

Classification of maintenance activities for on road and off roadstructures , inspection, prioritization and planning of maintenance operations, evaluation of pavem ent distress and pavement condition, types and methods of pavement repair, regular, recurrent, periodic mentinance, types of overlay and stre ngthening of existing pavements

4.2 Airport Engineering

4.2.1 Introduction

4.2.1.1 History of civil aviation in Nepal

4.2.1.2 Role and functions of Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation (MoCTCA) and Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal

4.2.1.3 Role of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

4.2.1.4 The economic, political, and social roles of airports

4.2.2 Airport Planning

4.2.2.1 Planning consideration: Airport and airport systems, airport system planning, airport master plan and strategic plan, information required, preliminary feasibilit y, role of financing

4.2.2.2 Forecasting for planning purpose (Passenger, Aircraft, C argo,Mail): Inventory and forecasting, factors affecting traffic growth, principles of forecasting, forecasting methods, accuracy and limitations of forecasting

4.2.2.3 Airport site evaluation: fac tors affecting airport location

4.2.2.4 Airside development: Physical char acteristics runway, taxiway & apron, airport capacity and delay.

4.2.2.5 Landside development: Passenger terminal building and Terminal System, Design Considerations, apron -gate system, passenger processing, passeng er amenities & baggage handling

4.2.2.6 Environment and a viation activities: aircraft noise, air quality in the vicinity of airports, global environment problem arising from airport use, water and soil pollution in the vicinity of airports

4.2.2.7 Land -use planning: assessing noise for land -use planning, r isk of accide nt around airports

4.2.3 Geometric Design of Aerodrome

4.2.3.1 Design of Runways: Definitions, aerodrome reference code, factors affecting the sitting, orientation and number of runway, factors affecting length of runway, actual length of runways, Turning pad runways wi th stop -ways and clearways, Runway endsaftey area ( RESA) take-off length requirement, landing length requirement, physical characteristics of:runways, runway shoulders, runway strips, clearways, stopways, obstac le limitation surfaces

4.2.3.2 Design of taxiways, a prons and holding bays: functional requirements, taxiway width, taxiway curves, junction and intersection, rapid exit taxiways, passenger terminal apron, cargo terminal apron, size of apron, isolated parking bay, need of holding bays and bypasses, types of bypass, si ze and location of holding bays

4.2.4 Design of aerodrome pavement

4.2.4.1 Procedure for pavement design [Aircraft Classification Number (ACN), Pavement Classification Number (PCN) method], USA practices: design of flexible and rigid pavements, (FAA's FAARFIE LD method), pavement management syst em, airport pavement evaluation

4.2.5 Visual Aids for Navigation

4.2.5.1 Operational factors, operating requirements, runway, taxiway and apron marki ng and lighting, airport signs

8 4.2.6 STOLPort and Heliport

4.2.6.1 STOLPort: Physical CharacteristicsofSTOLPorts, importance of STOLPorts in the context of topography of Nepal and their role in the economic development of Nepal

4.2.6.2 Heliport: Physical Characteristics of Heliports. Obstacle Limitation Surfaces and Requi rement

4.2.7 Airport dr ainage

4.2.7.1 Purpose, determination run -off (FAA method), typical drainage layout, sub -surface drainage

4.2.8 Aerodrome Certification and Safety Management System

4.2.8.1 Introduction to Aerodrome Certification.

4.2.8.2 ICAO and Nepal requirements on Certification of Aerodromes.

4.2.8.3 Audi t and Inspection of Aerodromes for the Certification.

4.2.8.4 Introduction to State Safety Program (SSP) and Safety Management System (SMS)

Section ( D) - 20 Marks

5. Public Health Engineering

5.1 Water Supply

5.1.1 Introduction

Potable, contaminated and wholesome water, typical components of water supply schemes

5.1.2 Sources of water

Surface source, ground water occurrences and prospecting, chemical characteristics and properties of ground water, recharge of ground water, ground water recovery, tube well design, selecti on of water sources

5.1.3 Quality of water

Types and sources of water pollution, effects of pollution (river, lake and reservoir), pollution of ground water,hardness of water, alkalinity in water,living organism in water,water borne diseases,physical, chemical and biological test of water , water quality standard: WHO standard of drinking water quality, Nepal interim standard of drinking water

5.1.4 Quantity of water

Types of water deman d, design period, methods of population forecasting, variation in demand of water, factors affecting demand of water

5.1.5 Intake works

Site selection of an intake, Characteristics of river reservoir and spring intake, various types of hand pumps including suction hand pump, submersible hand pumps

5.1.6 Water treatment

Treatment systems: screening, plain sedimentation, sedimentation with coagulation, flocculation, filtration (Slow sand filtration /Rapid filtration), disinfection, softening, and miscellaneous treatments (aeration, removal of iron and manganese, removal of arsenic and removal of colour , odour and taste

5.1.7 Reservoirs and distribution systems

Types of reservoirs, sizing of reservoirs: mass curve method, peak demand method etc. for reservoir Design, Water supply system: pumping system, gravity system, Layout of the water supply system, Pipel ine design: design criteria, design of transmission and distribution system (including pipe net works)

5.1.8 Operation and maintenance of water supply system

Difference beween maintenance and rehabilitation, Operation of water supply system, Maintenance equipme nts: wrench

5.1.9 Design specific of gravity flow rural water supply system in Nepal

5.2 Sanitary Engineering

5.2.1 Introduction

Importance of waste water and solid waste management, Sanitation system, Types of sewerage systems

5.2.2 Quantity of wastewater

Sources and nature of wastewater, effluent character

The 7th Level Civil Engineering Second Paper syllabus is a comprehensive outline that prepares candidates for real-world engineering challenges as well as Loksewa examinations. By mastering each section—structural, geotechnical, water resources, transportation, and public health—candidates can strengthen their technical knowledge and improve exam performance. Consistent practice, along with a strong grasp of these core subjects, is the key to success. Use this syllabus as your guide, stay updated with PSC notices, and approach your preparation with confidence.