Sub Engineer Exam Solutions- Karnali Province

Civil Sub Engineer – Written Exam Solutions

Karnali Province Public Service Commission

Technical Subject – Full Paper Explanation

Section-A (Short Answers – 45 Marks)

1. Define fluid. Write its types. What are the differences between ideal and real fluid? (1+1+3)

Fluid: A substance that can flow and has no fixed shape (e.g., liquids and gases).

Types of Fluid:

• Ideal Fluid
• Real Fluid
• Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
• Compressible and Incompressible Fluids

Difference between Ideal and Real Fluid:

• Ideal Fluid is non-viscous; Real Fluid has viscosity.
• Ideal Fluid offers no resistance to motion; Real Fluid resists flow.
• Ideal Fluid is imaginary; Real Fluids exist in practice.

2. Define open channel. Describe different types of open channel. (2+3)

Open Channel: A passage where liquid flows with a free surface exposed to atmospheric pressure (e.g., rivers, canals).

Types:

• Based on Shape: Rectangular, Trapezoidal, Circular, etc.
• Based on Lining: Lined and Unlined Channels
• Based on Cross-section: Regular and Irregular

3. Define intensity of rainfall and runoff. What are the factors affecting runoff? (1+1+3)

Rainfall Intensity: Rate of rainfall over a specific period (e.g., mm/hr).

Runoff: Portion of rainfall that flows over the land surface into streams and rivers.

Factors affecting Runoff:

• Rainfall characteristics
• Soil type and infiltration
• Land slope
• Vegetation cover
• Land use and urbanization

4. Define well irrigation. What are the advantages and disadvantages of well irrigation? (1+2+2)

Well Irrigation: A method of drawing groundwater through wells for agricultural use.

Advantages:

• Provides water during dry periods
• Easy construction in suitable areas

Disadvantages:

• Over-extraction lowers groundwater levels
• Not feasible in rocky or low water table areas

5. Define bearing capacity of soil. Explain types of bearing capacity. (2+3)

Bearing Capacity: The ability of soil to support the load of a structure.

Types:

• Ultimate Bearing Capacity (q_u): Max load before failure
• Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity (q_nu): q_u minus overburden
• Safe Bearing Capacity (q_s): q_nu divided by safety factor
• Allowable Bearing Capacity: Load per unit area for safe settlement

6. Define modular ratio. Write the importance of modular ratio in RCC work. (2+3)

Modular Ratio (m): Ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to concrete. m = Es / Ec

Importance:

• Used in transformed section method
• Helps in stress distribution analysis
• Essential for RCC beam design

7. Enlist the functions of aggregate in concrete. Define bulking of sand. (3+2)

Functions of Aggregate:

• Provides bulk and reduces cost
• Gives strength and volume stability
• Reduces shrinkage

Bulking of Sand: Increase in sand volume due to moisture forming thin film around particles.

Section-B (Medium Answers – 45 Marks)

8. What are head losses in fluid flow? Differentiate between major and minor losses. (3+2)

Head Loss: Loss of energy due to friction and fittings.

Major Loss: Due to pipe friction. Formula: hf = (f × L × v²) / (2g × D)

Minor Loss: Due to bends, valves. Formula: hm = K × v² / 2g

9. What are canal losses? How to minimize them? (2+3)

Canal Losses: Water losses due to seepage, evaporation, absorption.

Minimization:

• Concrete lining
• Regular maintenance
• Vegetation control
• Use of control structures

10. List the components of road pavement and explain with diagram. (2+3)

Components:

• Subgrade
• Sub-base
• Base course
• Binder course
• Wearing course

Diagram: [Insert labeled cross-section sketch here]

11. Duties of Sub Engineer during estimate preparation and format of rate analysis. (3+2)

Duties: Quantity take-off, rate analysis, market survey, estimate writing, drawing checking.

Rate Analysis Format:

Particulars	Quantity	Rate	Amount
Cement	10 bags	Rs. 900	9000
Sand	2.5 m³	Rs. 1500	3750
Aggregate	4.0 m³	Rs. 1200	4800

12. Minimum information required in invitation for bids. (5)

• Project title and ID
• Employer details
• Eligibility criteria
• Submission deadline
• Bid security and document fee

13. Components of gravity flow water supply project with sketch. (5+5)

Components: Intake, gravel trap, collection tank, transmission pipe, BPT, reservoir, tap stand.

Sketch: [Insert schematic diagram]

14. Types of road maintenance and their implementation in Nepal. (7+3)

Types: Routine, preventive, periodic, emergency, rehabilitation.

In Nepal: By DoR, municipalities, user groups. Mostly manual. Budget and landslide challenges exist.

Section-C (Long Answers – 10 Marks)

15. Social challenges in pipeline alignment in Karnali. (5)

• Land ownership disputes
• Community conflicts and caste bias
• Lack of awareness and trust
• Religious/cultural site objections
• Poor participation in planning

16. Objectives of the current periodic plan of Karnali Province. (5)

• Poverty reduction and job creation
• Infrastructure development
• Education and health improvement
• Agricultural commercialization
• Good governance and inclusion